This study suggests that the DNA typing method has high potential for parentage testing and individual identification of Iranian Caspian horse.
Hamidreza Seyedabadi*, Cyrus Amirinia, Mohammad Hossein Banabazi, Hossein
Emrani
Department of Biotechnology, Animal Science Research Institute of Iran (ASRI), P.O. Box 1483-31585, Karaj, I.R. Iran
IRANIAN JOURNAL of BIOTECHNOLOGY, Vol. 4, No. 4, October 2006
Abstract
The present study was to construct a parentage verification system for Iranian Caspian horse.
A total number of 45 Caspian horse samples including 14 foals for parentage verification, 17 stallion and 14 mare for individual identification were genotyped. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood and the genotype were analysed by PCR procedure and using 7 microsatellite markers (AHT04, HMS03, HMS06, HTG06, HTG07, LEX33 and VHL20).
The number of alleles per locus varied from 3 to 4 with mean value of 3.86. The expected heterozygosity was ranged from 0.617 to 0.741 (mean 0.675), and the total exclusion probability (PE) of 7 microstellite loci was 0.973. All markers have relatively high polymorphic information content (PIC) value (> 0.6). All foals were qualified by compatibility according to the Mendelism. This study suggests that the DNA typing method has high potential for parentage testing and individual identification of Iranian Caspian horses.
Keywords:
Iranian Caspian horse; Microsatellite; Parentage verification.
The Caspian horse is a beautiful creature with a wonderful temperament. They have beautiful movement which, making them desirable show ponies.
Thought to be extinct for 1300 years, Caspians once graced the royal seal of King Darius-550 B.C. Caspians were often depicted in ancient Persian statuettes, friezes and writings going back to 3000 B.C. The Caspian Breed was rediscovered in 1965 (Afraz et al., 2005). Domestic and Przewalski’s horse (Mongolian wild horse) are belonged to Species of Equus caballus and Equus ferus przewalskii, respectively.
It is suggested that the Caspian horse is the product of natural hybridization between E. caballus and E. prezwalskii (Hatami and Pandit, 1979). A survey conducted from July of 1965 through August 1968 indicated that there were approximately fifty small horses with definite Caspian characteristics along the entire littoral of the Caspian Sea.
Due to the fact that the individuals were widely scattered, it was virtually impossible for any of them to be considered completely pure. The current estimated Iranian registered population of caspian horses is approximately 150 individuals.
Horse breeders provided a horse parentage data to breeding societies, which enter the data into the registry to generate pedigrees. Thoroughbred horse registries have verified pedigree records and resolved queries of parentage using microsatellite DNA typing (Tozaki, 2001).
The term microsatellites, also short tandem repeats (STRs), refers to a class of codominant DNA markers which are inheriting a Mendelian fashion This method has become the most effective for pedigree maintenance of large populations of animals because of the decrease in price of reagents and instruments used (Dimsoski, 2003).
In cattle, pig and canine, pedigree control has been performed on routine basis in most countries relying on DNA typing that have been standardized through regular comparison tests under the auspices of the International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG) (Cho et al., 2004).
International Stud Book Committees (ISBC) has required a higher probability of exclusion (PE) values for parentage verification and an individual identification in horse (Tozaki, 2001). The PE is a parameter to solve problems of some genetic markers in a population and is most commonly used as molecular markers in pedigree verification (Luikart et al., 1999).
DNA based methods offer several potential advantages compared with conventional parentage testing systems because of their accuracy and specificity. Microsatellites have been chosen as the suitable markers for parentage testing which can be easily scored by a computer program.
Microsatellites are highly polymorphic and abundant sequences dispersed throughout most eukaryotic nuclear genomes (Litt and Luty, 1989). Microsatellites are valuable genetic markers due to their dense distribution in the genome, great variation, co-dominant inheritance and easy genotyping. In recent years, they have been extensively used in parentage testing, linkage analyses, population genetics and genetic studies (Goldstein and Pollock, 1997).
Many microsatellites are informative due to their high polymorphisms and they are useful in paternity testing of horses such as native horses (Bowling et al.,1997).
Equine microsatellites were first characterized by Ellegren and cowrker (1992) and Marklund and cowrker (1994) who isolated a set of (CA)n repeats and demonstrated that they were highly polymorphic in horse. The horse genetic committee of ISAG presented 9 microsatellite markers (AHT04, HMS03, HMS06, HTG06, HTG07, LEX33, ASB2, HTG10 and VHL20) as international minimum standard microsatellite marker system, as well as additional markers (ASB17, ASB23, CA425, HMS1, LEX3, LEX33 and TKY321) to be typed for horse parentage testing (Lee and Cho, 2006).
The aim of the present study is to verifying parentage in Caspian horse population using microsatelite loci to introduce a reliable parentage test. We performed a routine DNA typing with 7 standard microsatellite markers for parentage verification and individual identification of Iranian Caspian horses. Number of alleles, heterozygosities, polymorphic information content (PIC) and exclusion probability (PE) were also calculated.
RESULTS
The results of DNA typing for parentage testing in 14 foals were verified by the compatiability of 7 microsatellite markers according to Mendelian inheritence pattern. Figure 1 shows one example of verification and mendelian inheritence pattern using AHT04 locus. Microsatellites were polymorphic in Caspian horses (Table 2 and 3).
All of the primers amplified the needed fragments very well. The average number of alleles was 3.86 which ranged from 3 to 4 per locus. The highest observed allel frequency in each locus was 0.3194 for HMS06 (167 and 169 bp), 0.3333 for AHT04 (139 bp), 0.4778 for HTG06 (85 bp), 0.500 for HMS03 (182 bp), 0.500 for HTG07 (123bp), 0.3750 for LEX 33 (205 and 217 bp) and 0.4048 for VHL20 (92 and 107bp). The observed heterozygosity (H0), expected heterozygosity (He), polymorphic information content (PIC) and exclusion probability (PE) are shown in Table 3.
The observed heterozygosity (H0) and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.756 to 1 (the average value was 0.946) and from 0.617 to 0.741 (the average value was 0.675), respectively. PIC values ranged from 0.53 to 0.681 with a mean value of 0.605 and PE values ranged from 0.321 to 0.480. The total exclusion probability (PE) of 7 microstellite loci was 0.973 in Caspian horse population.
DISCUSSION
Horse breed registry societies rely on genetic testing as part of the process to ensure pedigree integrity. Equine blood typing and microsatellite DNA typing are now indispensable for the accurate recording of horses worldwide (Bowling et al., 1997).
Use of microsatellite genotyping for individual identification, parentage control and solving problems of questionable maternity or paternity is a routine procedure within the horse breeding industry in several countries (Siegal, 1996). The high polymorphism with well balanced frequencies of the alleles makes these systems attractive for parentage control.
They are not only highly informative but also quite simple to use and standardise. The genetic analysis using the seven microsatellite loci has revealed that they have a total exclusion probability (Weir, 1996) of 97.3%.
The horse genetic committee of ISAG has recommended that parentage testing should consist of an exclusion based on the incompatibility of two or more markers, because an exclusion based on a single marker may involve an element of uncertainty. All possibilities should be tried to obtain additional information to support a decision for such an exclusion, including tests for additional markers or mutation analysis (Binns et al., 1995).
Jakabova and collegues (2002) have also shown that at least five microsatellites with the highest individual PE values that have a 97% total exclusion probability should be used to obtain a high degree of excluding incorrect parentage. Usha et al. in 1994 also reported a total PE of 0.88 for two microsatellite loci used in cattle parentage control. Ellegren and collegues in 1992 suggested that at least ten microsatellite loci should be used to achieve a maximum exclusion in horses.
Marklund and co workers (1994) analysed eight microsatellite loci in paternity testing to reach a total exclusion probability of 0.96–0.99 in different breeds.
Comparison of our results with these various results clearly shows that our selected microsatellites have greater power of exclusion given the fact that we could reach a high level of exclusion with only seven loci (PE = 0.973). Analyses of more loci will allow to increase the combination efficiency.
We constructed a paternity testing system for individual identification and parentage verification of the Caspian horse and investigated a validation of 7 microsatellite markers for routine parentage testing and polymorphisms in this population. Our estimate (H0 = 0.94) of genetic diversity shows a higher level of diversity than that (H0= 0.42) reported by Shahsavarani et al., 2006. The difference of the genetic diversity value surveyed could probably be explained by the choice of the microsatellite markers.
The average expected heterozygosity (0.675) indicated the existence of high genetic variability within the Caspian horse population. PIC values ranged from 0.530 to 0.681 with mean value of 0.605 in terms of their suitability for genetic diversity and paternity studies, and the remaining loci were reasonably informative (Table 3).
In this study, PE value (PE= 0.973) is lower than Thoroughbred horse (PE= 0.9979) reported by Cho (2002) and Korian Thoroughbred horse (PE= 0.9998) reported by Lee and Cho (2006). All foals selected for parentage testing by DNA typing, were qualified by compatibility of 7 markers according to Mendelian inheritence pattern. These results suggest that the present DNA typing has a particial efficacy for the Caspian horse parentage verification.
We can conclude that selection of the microsatellites is important and effective in resolving parentage testing. This 7 microsatellite markers system is considered to be greatly useful for parentage verification on Caspian horse. Results can give basic information for developing accurate parentage verification and individual identification system in the Iranian Caspian horse.